Excisional Biopsy (Lymph Node Biopsy)

Introduction:

Excisional biopsy, also known as lymph node biopsy, is a diagnostic procedure used to remove an entire lymph node or a portion of it for examination under a microscope. It is performed to investigate the cause of lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes) and to diagnose various conditions such as infections, inflammatory diseases, or cancer. Excisional biopsy provides valuable information about the structure, cellular composition, and characteristics of the lymph node tissue, aiding in the diagnosis and management of underlying diseases.

Understanding Excisional Biopsy:

During an excisional biopsy, a surgeon makes an incision over the affected lymph node and carefully removes it along with surrounding tissue. The specimen is then sent to a pathology laboratory for analysis, where it is examined by a pathologist to determine the presence of abnormal cells, signs of inflammation, or other pathological changes. Excisional biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosing lymphoma and certain other cancers, as it provides a comprehensive sample of the lymph node tissue for evaluation.

Characteristics of Excisional Biopsy:

• Excisional biopsy involves the removal of an entire lymph node or a portion of it, depending on the size and location of the node.
• The procedure is typically performed under local or general anesthesia in an outpatient or hospital setting.
• After the biopsy, the incision site is usually closed with sutures or adhesive strips and covered with a sterile dressing.
• Patients may experience mild discomfort, swelling, or bruising at the biopsy site following the procedure, which can usually be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers and rest.

Causes and Risk Factors:

Excisional biopsy may be recommended when other diagnostic tests such as imaging studies or fine-needle aspiration are inconclusive or inadequate for making a definitive diagnosis. The decision to perform a biopsy is based on various factors, including the size, location, and appearance of the lymph node, as well as the patient’s medical history and symptoms. While excisional biopsy is generally safe, potential risks and complications include bleeding, infection, nerve injury, or damage to nearby structures.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Enlarged or palpable lymph nodes, which may be painless or tender to the touch
• Persistent or unexplained swelling in the neck, armpit, or groin area
• Fever, night sweats, or unintentional weight loss, which may indicate underlying infection or malignancy